Antibiotics are often used to treat systemic diseases not associated with the oral cavity. This application of antibiotics may affect the healthy oral microbiota community, as it destroys the balance between specific bacterial populations throughout the ecosystem and may lead to dysbacteriosis. We hypothesized that the effects on antibiotics on oral microbiota regulation and function would affect antibody content in saliva, depending on the antibiotic type. To address this, a total of 24 Sprague Dawley rats (divided into 4 cages, 6 per pen) were administered amoxicillin (AMX), spiramycin (SP), metronidazole (MTZ), or water (control) daily for 14 days (gavage). After treatment was completed, high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes was used to determine changes in the composition, metabolic function, and diversity of oral microbiota in the rats.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect antibodies in saliva, including SIgA, IgG, and IgM. Results showed that AMX, MTZ, and SP significantly affected oral microbiota composition, diversity, and metabolic function in rats. AMX induced substantial changes in the rat salivary antibody concentrations. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Rothia and Haemophilus was higher in the AMX group than in the other groups. In conclusion, antibiotics-induced changes in oral microbiota populations may be associated with changes in salivary antibody concentrations. However, the specific interaction mechanisms remain unknown, and it is still unclear whether significant changes in the oral microbiota cause changes in salivary antibody concentrations or vice versa.
Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGEs) of Lysine and Effects of Anti-TCR/Anti-TNF-α Antibody-Based Therapy in the LEW.1AR1 -iddm Rat, an Animal Model of Human Type 1 Diabetes
- The LEW.1AR1-iddm rat is an animal model of human type 1 diabetes (T1D). Previously, we have shown that combination with anti-TCR/anti-TNF-α antibody-based therapy re-established normoglycemia and increased proteinic arginine-dimethylation in the spleen, yet not in the pancreas. High blood glucose is often associated with elevated formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) which act via their receptor (RAGE). Both anti-TCR and anti-TNF-α are inhibitors of RAGE. The aim of the present work was to investigate potential biochemical changes of anti-TCR/anti-TNF-α therapy in the LEW.1AR1-iddm rat. We determined by stable-isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) the content of free and proteinic AGEs and the Nε-monomethylation of lysine (Lys) residues in proteins of pancreas, kidney, liver, spleen and lymph nodes of normoglycemic control (ngCo, n = 6), acute diabetic (acT1D, n = 6), chronic diabetic (chT1D, n = 4), and cured (cuT1D, n = 4) rats after anti-TCR/anti-TNF-α therapy.
- Analyzed biomarkers included Lys and its metabolites Nε-carboxymethyl lysine (CML), furosine and Nε-monomethyl lysine (MML). Other amino acids were also determined. Statistical methods including ANOVA, principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to evaluate the effects. Most statistical differences between the study groups were observed for spleen, pancreas and kidney, with liver and lymph nodes showing no such differences. In the pancreas, the groups differed with respect to proteinic furosine (p = 0.0289) and free CML (p = 0.0023). In the kidneys, the groups differed with respect to proteinic furosine (p = 0.0076) and CML (p = 0.0270).
- In the spleen, group differences were found for proteinic furosine (p = 0.0114) and free furosine (p = 0.0368), as well as for proteinic CML (p = 0.0502) and proteinic MML (p = 0.0191). The acT1D rats had lower furosine, CML and MML levels in the spleen than the rats in all other groups. This observation corresponds to the lower citrullination levels previously measured in these rats. PCA revealed diametric associations between PC1 and PC2 for spleen (r = -0.8271, p < 0.0001) compared to pancreas (r = 0.5805, p = 0.0073) and kidney (r = 0.8692, p < 0.0001). These findings underscore the importance of the spleen in this animal model of human T1D. OPLS-DA showed that in total sixteen amino acids differed in the experimental groups.
212 Pb-conjugated anti-rat HER2/ neu antibody against a neu-N derived murine mammary carcinoma cell line: cell kill and RBE in vitro
Purpose In the current work, the RBE of a 212Pb conjugated anti-HER2/neu antibody construct has been evaluated, in vitro, by colony formation assay. The RBE was estimated by comparing two absorbed dose-survival curves: the first obtained from the conjugated 212Pb experiments (test radiation), the second obtained by parallel experiments of single bolus irradiation of external beam (reference radiation).
Materials and methods: Mammary carcinoma NT2.5 cells were treated with (0-3.70) kBq/ml of radiolabeled antibody. Non-specific binding was assessed with addition of excess amount of unlabeled antibody. The colony formation curves were converted from activity concentration to cell nucleus absorbed dose by simulating the decay and transport of all daughter and secondary particles of 212Pb, using the Monte Carlo code GEANT 4.
Results: The radiolabeled antibody yielded an RBE of 8.3 at 37% survival and a survival independent RBE (i.e., RBE2) of 9.9. Unbound/untargeted 212Pb-labeled antibody, as obtained in blocking experiments yielded minimal alpha-particle radiation to cells.
Conclusions: These results further highlight the importance of specific targeting towards achieving tumor cell kill and low toxicity to normal tissue.
Improvement of the affinity of an anti-rat P2X4 receptor antibody by introducing electrostatic interactions
We have recently developed a mouse monoclonal antibody (12-10H) binding to the head domain region in rat P2X4 receptor (rP2X4R, which is crucial for the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain) expressed on the cell with the highest binding affinity (KD = 20 nM). However, the 12-10H antibody failed to detect endogenously expressed P2X4Rs in microglia isolated from the spinal cord of rats whose spinal nerves were injured. Then, we prepared R5 mutant, in which five arginine residues were introduced into variable regions except for the “hot spot” in the 12-10H antibody to increase electrostatic interactions with the head domain, an anionic region, in rP2X4R.
The mutation resulted in an increase of 50-fold in the affinity of the R5 mutant for the head domain with respect to the intact 12-10H antibody. As a result, detection of P2X4Rs endogenously expressed on primary cultured microglial cells originated from the neonatal rat brain and spinal cord microglia isolated from a rat model of neuropathic pain was achieved. These findings suggest a strategy to improve the affinity of a monoclonal antibody for an anionic antigen by the introduction of several arginine residues into variable regions other than the “hot spot” in the paratope.
Custom production of antibodies in 5 Rats using customer supplied antigen (std 63 days protocol) |
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| RAT-5 | Alpha Diagnostics | 1 | 1365.6 EUR |
Rat Calnuc antibody |
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| 70R-1118 | Fitzgerald | 100 ug | 452.4 EUR |
Rat Lymphocyte antibody |
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| 20R-LR004 | Fitzgerald | 20 mg | 392.4 EUR |
Rat Lymphocyte antibody |
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| 20R-LR007 | Fitzgerald | 20 ml | 1066.8 EUR |
Rat Macrophage antibody |
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| 20R-MR009 | Fitzgerald | 5 ml | 567.6 EUR |
Rat Macrophage antibody |
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| 20R-MR016 | Fitzgerald | 10 mg | 405.6 EUR |
Rat Macrophage antibody |
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| 20R-MR028 | Fitzgerald | 10 mg | 470.4 EUR |
Rat PMN antibody |
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| 20R-PR020 | Fitzgerald | 2 ml | 418.8 EUR |
Rat PMN antibody |
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| 20R-PR043 | Fitzgerald | 5 ml | 522 EUR |
Rat PMN antibody |
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| 20R-PR052 | Fitzgerald | 10 mg | 405.6 EUR |
Rat PMN antibody |
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| 20R-PR102 | Fitzgerald | 10 mg | 483.6 EUR |
Rat RBC antibody |
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| 20R-RR012 | Fitzgerald | 20 mg | 392.4 EUR |
Rat RBC antibody |
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| 20R-RR027 | Fitzgerald | 5 mg | 664.8 EUR |
Rat Thymocyte antibody |
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| 20R-TR005 | Fitzgerald | 20 mg | 392.4 EUR |
Rat Thymocyte antibody |
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| 20R-TR005x | Fitzgerald | 2 ml | 289.2 EUR |
Rat Thrombocyte antibody |
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| 20R-TR037 | Fitzgerald | 2 ml | 418.8 EUR |
Rat Thrombocyte antibody |
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| 20R-TR040 | Fitzgerald | 5 ml | 522 EUR |
Rat Thymocyte antibody |
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| 20R-TR043 | Fitzgerald | 20 mg | 470.4 EUR |
Rat Thymocyte antibody |
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| 20R-TR044 | Fitzgerald | 2 ml | 354 EUR |
Rat Leptin Antibody |
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| 11421-05011 | AssayPro | 150 ug | 260.4 EUR |
Rat IgM antibody |
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| 10R-I150a | Fitzgerald | 100 tests | 228 EUR |
Rat Monocytes antibody |
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| 10R-M152a | Fitzgerald | 250 ug | 975.6 EUR |
Rat Hemopexin Antibody |
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| 33447-05111 | AssayPro | 150 ug | 313.2 EUR |
Rat CKMM Antibody |
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| 32939-05111 | AssayPro | 150 ug | 313.2 EUR |
Rat Albumin Antibody |
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| 12002-05011 | AssayPro | 150 ug | 260.4 EUR |
Rat Hemopexin Antibody |
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| 12332-05011 | AssayPro | 150 ug | 260.4 EUR |
Anti-NOGO Antibody Neuroprotection in a Rat Model of NAION
Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and mechanisms of anti-NOGO receptor monoclonal antibody 11C7mAb in a rat model of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rNAION).
Methods: The rNAION was induced in one eye of 20 Long-Evans rats, which were studied in 10 groups of two rats, each group containing a sham rat receiving intravitreal injections of vehicle and a treatment rat receiving intravitreal injections of 11C7mAb. Fellow eyes served as naïve controls. The rats were tested using flash electroretinograms (ERGs), flash visual evoked potentials (VEPs), and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Thirty days after induction, they were euthanized, and the eyes were prepared for immunohistochemistry (two groups), hematoxylin and eosin staining (two groups) or transmission electron microscopy (TEM; six groups).
Results: Ninety-five percent of the VEP amplitude was preserved in eyes treated with 11C7mAb, versus 69% in the control eyes. Immunohistochemistry revealed a large reduction in microglia and extrinsic macrophages with axon sparing. In addition to axon preservation, TEM also showed reduced extracellular debris and only slight myelin damage compared with the vehicle-treated animals. There were no significant differences in retinal ganglion cell counts, nor was there a difference in optic nerve swelling as measured by OCT. ERGs were used to exclude eyes with retinal vascular occlusions, an occasional complication of the induction technique.
Conclusions: The 11C7mAb preserves optic nerve integrity and reduces inflammation in rNAION.